Italian Green Raw Umber Dispersion

As low as $13.20
In stock
Only %1 left
SKU
261-47
Our Italian Green Raw Umber aqueous pigment dispersion is a fine, yellowish-brown powdered pigment from Italy.

Our Italian Green Raw Umber is a fine, greenish-brown pigment dispersion from Italy. Umbers are mineral pigments that can be used in all mediums, such as tempera, oil, and watercolor, and are obtained from natural earths colored by the oxides of iron and manganese.

Rublev Colours Aqueous Dispersions are pigments dispersed in water ready to be mixed with water-based mediums. These dispersions are specially made for use with traditional painting mediums, such as egg tempera, casein tempera, fresco, watercolors, and distemper (glue tempera). They are also ideally suited for use with gesso to make toned grounds for drawing and painting. Pigment dispersions from Rublev Colours contain only naturally-derived ingredients, in addition to pigment and water, making them ideally suited for traditional mediums. Unlike other pigment dispersions that are typically made for acrylic medium, Rublev Colours Aqueous Dispersions do not contain coalescent solvents, artificial dispersing resins, and other additives that interfere with natural mediums. Aqueous Dispersions make preparing traditional mediums easy; you do not have to hassle with powders, grinding pigments in medium, and calculating binder ratios to make water-based paint. They make adding the right amount of paint binder, such as egg yolk, a no-brainer because the right amount of water is already contained in the dispersion; simply add egg yolk.

Pigment Names
Common Names:English: umber
French: terre d'ombre
German: Umbererde
Italian: terra d'ombra
Russian: умбра
Spanish: tierra de sombra
Alternate Names:English: raw umber, natural umber, unburnt umber
French: ombre naturelle
Nomenclature:
Common name | Primary mineral | Source
Umber | Goethite | Verona, Italy

Origin and History

Brown earth has been known since prehistoric times and was mentioned in the earliest painting treatises. However, the name umber did not appear until the 16th century. Sixteenth-century Italian painting treatises used the term terra d'ombra, translated as umber for a type of brown earth. The name is likely derived from ombra, Italian for "shadow," because the pigment was useful for dark or shadow areas. Writers of the 17th century mentioned calcining umber before use, and the term burnt umber entered literature around this time. The term raw umber was not commonly used in English treatises before the 19th century. The name umber was frequently used for organic brown pigments in the 18th and 19th centuries, while brown iron oxides were called brown ocher. Today, the name is most often associated with brown earth composed primarily of iron and manganese oxides. In the 17th century, Turquet de Mayerne made the first association of umber with manganese containing iron oxide pigments by describing umber's drying properties and the fact that the color became brown-red by burning.

Historically, European sources of brown earth (goethite) were mined throughout many regions of Europe. The dark brown umbers, containing 45% to 70% iron oxide and 5% to 20% manganese dioxide, were originally extracted from northern Italy but are now mined primarily in Cyprus. Other sources of umber were found in England, France, Germany, and later in the United States.

Source

Iron oxide earth pigments are an important group of inorganic pigments derived from natural minerals. Iron oxide pigments are yellow, red, and brown, but artists know them as ochre, sienna, red oxide, and umber. Unlike manufactured pigments, the color of natural iron oxide pigments varies with the composition of the particular segment of earth from which they come. The color of these pigments is derived from three constituents: the principal coloring ingredient, secondary coloring ingredients, and a base. The combination of these ingredients produces the particular color of the earth. The innumerable forms and variations in which these ingredients can combine result in a wide range of possible yellows, reds, and browns.

Principal Colorant

Iron oxide is the principal color-producing ingredient in the earth. The properties of the particular iron oxide in the earth determine its color. The nature of the iron oxide found in the deposit, rather than its percentage, is critical to the resulting earth color. Most rock contains some iron oxide. Those bearing the least amounts are limestone, white clay, and colorless kaolin. Those containing the highest amounts are the rocks from which metallic iron is extracted.

Secondary Colorant

Calcite (calcium carbonate), pyrolusite (manganese oxide), and quartz (silica) are some common accessory minerals that affect the specific color of natural iron oxides. Manganese oxide, for example, enriches the brown in numbers.

Base

Nearly all iron oxides have a clay base. Clay is the weathered product of silicate rocks and is extremely varied in composition. As a result, it has numerous effects on the earth's color.

Umber is a yellowish-brown to greenish-brown mineral pigment used in tempera, oil, and watercolor, obtained from natural earth colored by iron and manganese oxides. Just as with sienna, the chemical composition of umber is closely related to its iron oxide content. What makes umber different is the increased content of manganese. Other substances naturally occurring in umber, including clay, talc, and calcium carbonate, do not affect its color significantly. Umbers with the highest tinting strength are those with the highest iron and manganese content. Some of the finest umbers come from Cyprus and may contain up to 16% manganese oxide. German umber typically contains 1–2% manganese, English umber 7%, and umber from Russia and Ukraine about 4% manganese.

Our Italian Green Raw Umber comes from deposits found in the Verona region of Italy. It is finely ground and has a greenish-brown masstone and strong greenish undertones. It has excellent tinting strength and good covering power.

Tinting Strength

As demonstrated in experiments conducted by K.I. Tolstikhinoy, the chromaticity of natural iron oxide and clay pigments are closely related to the iron oxide content and, from a mineralogical point of view—the content of goethite. Thus, with the content of iron oxide less than 23%, luminosities of the tone of pigment compose 40–50%, and the purity of tone 60–70%. With the content of the iron oxide from 22 to 74%, luminosities of tone vary in intervals of 25-40%, the purity of tone from 70 to 85%, and with the content of the iron oxide more than 75%, luminosity is located in an interval of 18–25%, the purity of tone 83–90%.

Pigment Characteristics

A characteristic of pigments containing goethite is their ability to change color when heated. Heating umber causes the hydrated iron oxide to give up water, and the resulting dry pigment darkens in shade while its tone intensifies. At temperatures exceeding 300° C, yellow and brown pigments acquire red-brown tones. The most intensive red tones are obtained from calcining goethite at a temperature between 500–600° C. The color change is directly related to the dehydration of goethite and its transformation into hematite. Prolonged heating at high temperatures causes another change into a mineral of dark gray color—magnetite. Roasting umber gives a pigment of black-brown color known as burnt umber.

Permanence and Compatibility

Umber does not react with other pigments and is effectively used in fresco, oil, tempera, and watercolors. It is considered permanent with medium to excellent tinting strength and high opacity. It does not react with solvents and is indifferent to alkalis but is partially soluble in acids.

Oil Absorption and Grinding

Umber moderately absorbs oil when dispersing it in this medium. The oil absorption ratio is 25–35 parts by weight of linseed oil to 100 parts by weight of pigment. If the measurement were grams, umber would require 25 to 35 grams of linseed oil to grind 100 grams of pigment to form a stiff paste. Due to its manganese content, umber hastens oil drying and forms a good, flexible film.

Toxicity

Umber is considered non-toxic; however, manganese, a constituent of umber, is moderately toxic. Care should be exercised when handling the dry powder pigment so as not to inhale the dust.

Rublev Colours Pigment: Italian Green Raw Umber
Rublev Colours Pigment: Italian Green Raw Umber

Pigment Information
Color:Brown
Colour Index:Pigment Brown 7 (77491) (77492) (77499)
Chemical Name:Iron oxide-hydroxide and manganese oxide
Chemical Name:α-FeOOH·MnO2
ASTM Lightfastness Rating
Acrylic:I
Oil:I
Watercolor:I
Properties
Density:3.5
Hardness:5.0–5.5
Refractive Index:nα=2.260 nβ=2.393 nγ=2.398
More Information
SKU261-47
BrandRublev Colours
VendorNatural Pigments
Processing TimeUsually ships the next business day.
ColorBrown, Umber
Pigment TypeInorganic, Earth, Natural
Here are items you recently viewed during your visit of Natural Pigments Recently Viewed
No recently views items
Clear All
Italian Green Raw Umber Dispersion
Copyright © 2024-present Natural Pigments, Inc. All rights reserved.