Smalt 50g

$39.60
In stock
SKU
417-1405

Smalt is a medium ground potassium glass of blue color. The blue is due to small amounts of cobalt added as cobalt oxide during manufacture and the finer particle size when compared to Royal Smalt.

Smalt is a medium ground potassium glass of blue color. The blue is due to small amounts of cobalt added as cobalt oxide during manufacture and the finer particle size when compared to Royal Smalt.

Pigment Names
Common Names:English: smalt
French: smalt
German: Smalte
Italian: azzurro di smalto, smaltino
Japanese: hana konjo
Spanish: esmalte
Synonyms:English: starch blue
French: émail, esmail, azur à poudrer, bleu d'émail
German: Kaiserblau, Königsblau, Azurblau, Sächsischblau, Streublau, Couleur, Eschel
Nomenclature:
Common NamePrimary MineralSource
SmaltSmaltiteEngland

 

Pigment Information
Color:Blue
Pigment Classification:Synthetic Inorganic
Colour Index:Pigment Blue 32 (77365)
Chemical Name:Potassium Cobalt Silicate
Chemical Formula:CoO•K•Si
CAS No.:Not Listed
Series No.:7
ASTM Lightfastness
Acrylic:Not Listed
Oil:Not Listed
Watercolor:Not Listed
Physical Properties
Particle Size (mean):25 microns
Density:6.11 g/cm3
Hardness:
Refractive Index:1.48–1.55
Oil Absorption:25 grams oil / 100 grams pigment
Health and SafetyThere are no acute or known chronic health hazards associated with the anticipated use of this product (most chemicals are not fully tested for chronic toxicity). Always protect yourself against potentially unknown chronic hazards of this and other chemical products by keeping them out of your body. Do this by avoiding ingestion, excessive skin contact, and inhalation of spraying mists, sanding dusts and vapors from heating. Conforms to ASTM D-4236.

For a detailed explanation of the terms in the table above, please visit Composition and Permanence.

Origin and History

Many colors can be made from cobalt, but smalt was the only pigment to be made from it before the element was isolated in the 18th century. Smalt was an important pigment in European oil painting, particularly in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Its origins probably lie in the blue pigment used by the ancient Egyptians, known as us as "Egyptian blue"; both pigments are made from glass that has been colored blue and both are also used as glazes on ceramics.

Source

Cobalt ore was heated to form an oxide, which was mixed with silica, and under the name saffre or zaffre, was then sold to glass-makers who fused it with potash to form smalt. Numerous early recipes for the preparation of smalt are known; they all mention mixing saffre, silica and potash, placing the mixture in a glass furnace where thy were left for twelve hours with stirring at intervals. The vitrified mass was later plunged into water to make it friable, so that it could be ground, sieved and washed. It was marked according to color grade, the best being a deep violet-blue and the cheapest a pale sky-blue.

Permanence and Compatibility

Being a glass, smalt is transparent. The particles of smalt are vitreous, meaning that they have highly reflective surfaces. As particles of smalt are ground finer, the surfaces are broken and fractured increasing its light scattering effect and lowering its color saturation. For this reason, smalt cannot be ground as finely as many other pigments, so it must be used rather coarse in paint.

Due to its low refractive index, the color of smalt is more opaque when used in water-borne mediums and lime (fresco). In oil media a dull color may be obtained because the refractive index of smalt is close to that of dried oil.

Smalt is known to fade in paintings, but the degree to which this occurs varies even within the same painting. The reason for the fading has only been understood quite recently. Some assumed that the fading resulted from leaching out of the cobalt. However, Professor Jaap J. Boon and his collaborators recently found that the potassium concentration is crucial to fading. Where the ratio of potassium to cobalt is 1:1 or higher, the color has not faded.

Potassium is strongly alkaline and their findings suggest that a certain level of alkalinity is required to maintain smalt's blue color. Drying oil creates a slightly acidic environment. The small proportion of fatty acids present in the oil may react with the potassium. Moisture must be present for this reaction to take place, but potassium is known to attract moisture and there will be occasions when the amount of moisture in the air is likely to be high.

The conclusion is that smalt made with a higher proportion of potassium to cobalt will not fade. Rublev Colours Smalt and Royal Smalt has a ratio of potassium to cobalt of 2.09 : 1.00.

To further protect against discoloration, protect it and enhance its color it is best mixed with lead white. To prevent discoloration, tradition was to sprinkle the smalt over a fresh paint layer and then dusting off the superfluous pigment. Smalt exerts a powerful siccative effect on oils and was often used for this purpose alone.

Oil Absorption and Grinding

Smalt absorbs a moderate amount of oil (25 g oil per 100 g of pigment). The pigment is refractory and difficult to wet, making the task of mixing the pigment with oil into a smooth paste difficult. It is best to add a small amount of bleached beeswax or aluminum stearate to the oil before mixing it with smalt. Allowing the oil and pigment mixture to "sweat" or stand overnight before further grinding with a muller often helps.

Toxicity

Smalt contains cobalt, which can be toxic if inhaled or ingested. Care should be used in handling the dry powder pigment to avoid inhaling the dust.

For more information on how to handle pigments safely, please visit How to Safely Handle Art Materials and Pigments.

More Information
SKU417-1405
BrandRublev Colours
VendorNatural Pigments
Processing TimeUsually ships the next business day.
Size50 g jar
ColorBlue

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